who ran against george washington in the first election

As it did in 1789, the United States still uses the Electoral College system, which today gives all American citizens over the age of 18 the right to vote for electors, who in turn vote for the president. He was bothered and disheartened by the emerging political divisions. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. After a quorum was finally established, the Congress counted and certified the electoral vote count on April 6. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Thomas Jefferson resigned his post as Secretary of State in 1792, while James Madison organized an anti-administration front in the Congress. Regional and partisan divisions were evident in the vote distribution. Which president candidate ran against George W. Bush in 2004? Strange, Fun and Weird Facts about US Presidents. Paullin, Charles O. Every U.S. Presidential Election Since 1789. Indeed, that alone explains his willingness to endure eight years in the vice presidency, an office devoid of power. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes. For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1789. Voting was hampered by poor communications and infrastructure and the labor demands imposed by farming. United States presidential election of 1792, A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps. Washington brought the book home to Mount Vernon after retiring from the presidency in March 1797. READ MORE: Why Was the Electoral College Created? Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. George Washington, as the first president, was well aware of the great responsibility of defining the American presidency. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian. Ramage was in Boston, Massachusetts when the Revolutionary War broke out. This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 20:03. John Adams, who would later become President Adams, was the clear runner-up in this race, with 34 of the 64 electors casting their second vote for him. On Democracy. (2002). (a) New York's legislature did not choose electors on time. Several other candidates sought the nomination, including Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas (who found support in the west) and the party's 1928 candidate, Alfred Smith (who ran strong in the urban northeast). [17][18], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Historian Edward J. Larsen discusses Washington's first inauguration in this video from Mount Vernon on Vimeo. Craig R. Coenen. America's first presidential election is held. ), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p.441). Print. He won the Presidents job based on his influence and experience. 3 (September 2006): 373-390. This happened in the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election. All Rights Reserved. Dahl, Robert A. All Rights Reserved. It was the first contested American presidential election . Fifteen states cast electoral votes in 1792: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia. Answer: The first presidential elections were conducted under a system that allowed electors to cast two votes, with the . Indeed, the incumbent president enjoyed bipartisan support and received one vote from every elector. February 2011. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington had proven masterful at balancing the strategic and political demands of the office. was voting in a mayoral election for the first time since moving to the city four years ago . The United States presidential election of 1820 was the third and last presidential election in United States history in which a candidate ran effectively unopposed. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". In short, we can celebrate that Founding Father George Washington was so highly beloved and respected that every elector cast their first vote for him. (a) Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote. However, officially, there were three names on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. But Washington himself did absolutely no public campaigning, and even cast doubt on whether he would take the job if elected. How Did George Washington Interpret The Constitution. The complete list of candidates was as follows. The vice-presidential vote split between John Adams (34), John Jay (9), Robert Harrison (6), and John Rutledge (6). George Washington was the first President of the United States. North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York abstained from the process; the former two states had not ratified the Constitution, and the latter was in the midst of an internecine legislative conflict. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. With a hand on the Bible, a "sacred volume" borrowed from a local Masonic lodge and subsequently known as the "George Washington Inaugural Bible," he said, "I, George Washington, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty. No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. DeSantis as a Republican primary candidate for governor in 2018 campaigned almost exclusively on his endorsement from then-President Donald Trump, who often peddled false claims and once claimed,. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. Source: United States Office of the Federal Register. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 6577. For example, Hamilton aimed to ensure that Adams did not inadvertently tie Washington in the electoral vote. [3] Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post. National Archives and Records Administration. But Washington's tremendous popularity was not transferable to Adams across the country, as the Vice President lost the South. As expected, George Washington won the . Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. He received the congressional notification about his win on April 16th before taking part in the first-ever inauguration on April 30th. Federalist. But it's not the first time . Athens, O.: United States Capitol Historical Society by Ohio U, 1999. Different state legislatures chose different methods:[11]. Three states eligible to do so declined due to political tensions at the time North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. All Rights Reserved. In both the election of 1789 and 1792 Washington received all votes from the Electoral College. The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest vote totals. Following the ratification of the Constitution by the necessary nine states in July of 1788, Congress set January 7 of the following year as the date by which states were required to choose electors. According to Article II of the Constitution, each elector in the Electoral College possessed two votes. United States presidential election, 1792, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14, 179293 United States House of Representatives elections, List of 1792 United States presidential electors, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "1792 President of the United States, Electoral College", "A New Nation Votes - VA US President Race - Nov 00, 1792", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825, Presidential Election of 1792: A Resource Guide, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1792_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141036351, state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, each elector appointed by the state legislature, two Congressional districts chose five electors each; the remaining two districts chose three electors, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters in Congressional district, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote from a Congressional district, remaining electors would be appointed by the state legislature, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters statewide, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote, runoff is held between the top 2, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14. Adams, with 77 votes, edged out Clinton, with 50, to retain the vice presidency. [2] Adams easily secured re-election. The remainder of the votes were divided among 10 other candidates. Of the states with complete returns, only Pennsylvania saw real partisan competition; a Federalist electoral slate pledged to Washington and Adams was selected, although one elector voted for Washington and Clinton. Clinton, the Governor of New York and a former anti-Federalist leader, became the party's nominee after he won the backing of Jefferson and James Madison. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. Photo: Brandon Bell/Getty. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1983. Thus, the contest for the Vice-Presidency was open. Discover the Home of George and Martha Washington, The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. Although James Degnan went on the radio to plead for his daughters safety, the kidnapper never made any contact or read more, Just six days after the fall of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba, U.S. officials recognize the new provisional government of the island nation. The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. In 1792, it was time for the second United States presidential election. Further Resources About: Who Ran Against George Washington? He, too, was present for the signing of the Treaty of Paris and a leading figure during the creation of the Declaration of Independence. Creating the American Presidency, 1775-1789. Those secondary votes allowed for the first vice president and would determine the direction of domestic politics for years to come. Collier, Christopher. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution. The result is interesting, considering Clintons poor showing in the first presidential election. Voter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. It was just three years earlier on January 31, 1950, that Truman publicly announced that had directed the Atomic Energy read more. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. He was both a national hero and the favorite son of Virginia, the largest state at the time. The candidate with the second most votes in the Electoral College, whether a majority or a plurality, was elected vice president. (a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote. North Carolina and Rhode Island were unable to participate because they had not yet ratified the Constitution. On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December of a presidential election year, each states electors meet, usually in their state capitol, and simultaneously cast their ballots nationwide. 12 other men were on the ballot for that first election in 1789. On January 6, as a formality, the electoral votes are counted before Congress and on January 20, the commander in chief is sworn into office. . Vice PresidentJohn Adamsfrom Massachusetts, Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and encouraged some unsure about the new Constitution to add their signature. No nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. 19. level 2. However, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists contested the vice-presidency, with incumbent John Adams as the Federalist nominee and George Clinton as the Democratic-Republican nominee. Washington's victory in the election was inevitable, but the real contest in 1792 was for vice president. Please select which sections you would like to print: John M. Cunningham graduated from Kalamazoo College in 2000 with a B.A. 11037. The election took place following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788. Answer: The first presidential elections were conducted under a system that allowed electors to cast two votes, with the winner becoming President and the second place finisher becoming Vice President. Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. His journey northward was a celebratory procession as people in every town and village through which he passed turned out to greet him, often with banners and speeches and in some places with triumphal arches. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Today political parties usually nominate their slate of electors at their state conventions or by a vote of the partys central state committee, with party loyalists often being picked for the job. In 1792, the second presidential election, George Washington was unanimously re-elected president of the United States. On February 4, 1789, the 69 members of the Electoral College made George Washington the only chief executive to be unanimously elected. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest," to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. George Washington had wished to retire at the end of his first term in office. George Washington's copy of the Acts passed at a Congress of the United States of America (New-York, 1789) contains key founding documents establishing the Union: the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and a record of acts passed by the first Congress. [5], As the electors were selected, politics intruded, and the process was not free of rumors and intrigue. 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Congress did not officially count the Electoral College until February 13, 1793. (d) As the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted eight electors in time, there were no voting electors from New York. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Being from Massachusetts, Adams election provided the administration a regional balance between the South and North. Since leaving the hands of the Washington family in 1876, it has been treasured and preserved by several noted private collectors. However, Washington also feared that the country would irreparably pull and split apart, and was implored by his close associates to serve an additional four years. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. John Adams. Washington ascended to the presidency with practical experience, having served as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Unanimously elected twice, President George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. Washington was elected unanimously, receiving one vote from every elector. Source: "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789". He worked at Britannica from 2004 to 2018. Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1796. Ron DeSantis on Tuesday will release his book, "The Courage to be Free," to much anticipation ahead of his expected plunge into the 2024 presidential race. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Web. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The states chose 135 electors, out of whom 132 cast ballots. **In this election, and in others until 1804, each elector voted for two individuals without indicating which was to be president and which was to be vice president. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. The first presidential election Gilbert Stuart: portrait of George Washington It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988. Roosevelt's decision to break the precedent set by George Washington was made in July 1940, as the United States neared its entry into World War II. There he enlisted in a unit formed by Irish Loyalists to fight the American colonials and General Washingtons Continental Army. Carrying large and small states, northern and southern states, Washington received 132 electoral votes, one vote from each participant in the Electoral College. For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first President, he wrote that "the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state.". All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified. President George Washington served his first term with Adams as his vice president from April 1789. Independent. The battle for the vice presidency is interesting, looking at the votes cast for the second choice. But did he have any competition for the presidency? The next highest total was that of Founding Father John Jay, who got nine of the second choice votes compared with six for both R.H. Harrison and John Routledge. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. Federalists, backed by the great landed families and the city commercial interests, were the largest faction in the Senate, the smaller of the two chambers for which roughly a quarter of the state's free white male population was eligible to vote; but in the House of Representatives, with its larger membership and electorate, Anti-federalists representing the middling interests held the majority. John Jay was similar to John Adams regarding his influence in politics and foreign affairs. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Watch our interview with Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. London, UK: Penguin Books. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. The deadlock still stood on January 7, 1789, the last day for electors to be chosen by the states, and New York thus failed to appoint the eight electors allocated to it by the constitution. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792. Washington Papers. Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91. Vol. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote. Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment Only in 2004 transferable Adams! 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