Germany, which has. In June 2018, police announced that they arrested 16 website operators for allegedly using a service called Coinhive to mine cryptocurrencies via visitors computers without their consent.4 Such posts have attacked critics of the LDP government and have at times initiated negative campaigns against opposition lawmakers.1 The court indicated that points such as the content of the search results, the scope of disclosure, the social status of the persons involved, the social situation, and the necessity of disclosing facts were critical in deciding whether search engine results should be removed.13 and Japan Airlines changed its dress code, allowing female flight attendants to wear pants and flat shoes.6, Four civil society organizations, J-ALL, Athlete Ally, All Out, and Human Rights Watch jointly called for online signatures for a petition calling for the government to adopt legislation that protects members of the LGBT+ community from discrimination; the petition, which was submitted to the LDP in March 2021, had over 40,000 signatures from Japanese individuals.7 The East Asia Summit which includes the 10 ASEAN members plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States issued several statements in 2021, including one on Women, Peace, and Security, noting the importance of women's roles to addressing root causes of terrorism. Independent online media and citizen media outlets have faced obstacles in their work, particularly due to the prevalence of the kisha club, or formal press association, system. Outstanding challenges include ethnic and gender-based discrimination and claims of improperly close relations between government and the business sector. Some companies offer free Wi-Fi, including the private company Wire and Wireless (Wi2), part of the KDDI group, which provides free internet access in restaurants, coffee shops, and train stations; registration requires an email address.6 Ensafi's team found that censorship is increasing in 103 of the countries studied, including unexpected places like Norway, Japan, Italy, India, Israel and Polandcountries which the paper notes are rated as some of the freest in the world by advocacy group Freedom House. No ordinance was proposed or passed at the end of the coverage period. The National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGHM) announced that it was the target of about 5.3 million ransomware attacks in 2020, compared to 1.2 million incidents in 2019, though they reported that sensitive research and personal information was not compromised during these attacks.12. In March 2020, the government approved a revision of the Copyright Act, criminalizing the downloading of unlicensed manga, magazines, and academic publications with a prison term of up to two years, a fine of 2 million ($18,000), or both. Japanese individuals, particularly women, have used the internet to protest against gender-based discrimination and effect tangible change. However, a revised and newly enacted anti-piracy law criminalizes illegally downloading manga, magazines, and academic texts, but did not expand the governments ability to block websites (see C2).3. Heightened awareness of nonconsensual sharing of intimate images and online harassment culminated in the adoption of a law criminalizing such activity in 2014. If a device is successfully hacked, its owner will be advised to strengthen security measures, for instance by making their passwords more complex. Voters found to have improperly solicited support for a candidate via email could be fined 500,000 ($4,534) or imprisoned for two years.10, Article 175 of the penal code bans the sale or distribution of obscene material, and while the relevant provisions date back more than century, they are considered to apply online.11 #censorship. The amendments are set to come into effect in 2022.1, In May 2021, the government launched an investigation into the data management polices of LINE, a messaging application with servers based in Japan, after a report revealed that Chinese engineers had accessed LINEs data without the companys knowledge. The new Hong Kong national security law, the basis for Britain's admonition to Browder, provides for the indictment of anyone, anywhere, for speech seen as inimical to Chinese security interests. Four of its women characters, Jean, Amber, Mona and Rosaria, would be getting new "alternate . It is a point of pride in the US that freedom of speech is written into the Constitution. To help limit its effectiveness, two local dailies instituted fact-checking processes. In 2017, several municipalities asked for a clearer definition of hate speech under the law.7 In April 2021, a bill was unanimously passed and enacted in the Diet which amends the Provider Liability Limitation Act to make it easier to identify users who allegedly slander people on the internet. 10 If the poster refuses permission, the service provider is authorized to assess the complaint and act on it if it is deemed legitimate. The NTT group remains dominant in practice, though hundreds of other providers offer services including fiber-optic connections and fixed-line or wireless broadband access.1 In Japan it is now against the law to be mean on the internet. GR No. Does the state block or filter, or compel service providers to block or filter, internet content, particularly material that is protected by international human rights standards? Does the government exercise technical or legal control over internet infrastructure for the purposes of restricting connectivity? The UNs special rapporteur for privacy noted ahead of the laws passage that in order to establish the existence and the extent of such a planning and preparatory actions, it is logical to assume that those charged would have had to be subjected to a considerable level of surveillance beforehand.7, Under a wiretap law enacted in 2000, law enforcement agents may seek a court order to conduct electronic surveillance in criminal investigations involving drugs, firearms, human trafficking, or organized murders, in an exception to articles of other laws that explicitly forbid wiretapping.8 Arbitrariness And Censorship Are Back In The West Written by Thierry MEYSSAN on 02/01/2021 When we founded the Voltaire Network in 1994, our first concern was to defend freedom of expression in France, and then around the world. Some companies report on data requests they receive from government agencies. The law did not actually ban or penalize hate speech, leading some critics to argue that it would be ineffective.6 In 2017, the Japanese Supreme Court ruled in favor of Google and established criteria for delisting search results that same year.10 Otherwise, individuals or police ask ISPs to administratively delete contested or illegal content. Wi-Fi access has been tied to mobile subscriptions in the past, which presents a barrier for users without contracts.7, Connectivity is occasionally restricted accidentally or due to network congestion and server outages. In April 2018, the government asked internet service providers (ISPs) to block manga piracy sites, including Mangamura, AniTube!, and MioMio, prompting a public debate that highlighted tensions between the protection of intellectual property on one hand and users rights to private communications and the constitutional ban on censorship on the other.2 Article 1. The individuals defense team plans to file an appeal.8. In May 2021, the Diet enacted the Digital Reform Bill, which streamlines how officials in Japan handle and share data and revises how personal data is protected under the law. In the future, says one pundit, that will change. A Change.org petition calling for Mori's resignation garnered more than 145,000 signatures in one week. While Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan guarantees freedom of expression and prohibits formal censorship, effective censorship of obscene content does exist and is justified by the Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan.Historically, the law has been interpreted in different waysrecently it has been . In contrast, when private individuals or groups organize boycotts against stores that sell magazines of which they disapprove, their actions are protected by the First Amendment, although they can become dangerous in the extreme. The constitutional right to secrecy of communications is also protected under telecommunications laws.2 These rights are generally upheld in practice, though some social and legal constraints exist, and several laws have negative implications for free speech. Under the amended law, an individual can request the court to disclose information about a sender who posted defamatory content. Although that years guidelines from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) garnered criticism, they helped address concerns that the cost of switching providers favored dominant players and created a barrier for new market entrants.8 The move raised serious concerns over whether blocking was constitutionally allowed, and the government later indicated that it would introduce legislation to broaden its blocking authority (see B3). Amidst the Covid-19 pandemic and its toll on everyday life, the country has transitioned to new political leadership. A law enacted in 2003 and revised in 2008 prohibits electronic communications encouraging sexual activity with minors.14 In June 2008, the law was amended to prohibit the transfer of SIM cards without permission and to require rental companies to verify the identity of customers.1, There are no explicit restrictions on encryption. Some municipal governments have also introduced local ordinances on hate speech, including the government of Osaka in 2016. Japans antistalking law, originally enacted in 2000, was revised in 2013 to address email harassment, and further revised in 2016 to penalize repeated blog posts or messages on social networking services.15. In 2017, the Japanese video website Niconico took down two videos posted from an internet protocol (IP) address in Osaka after municipal officials flagged them for violating a local ordinance regulating hate speech.3 2 In May 2020, many celebrities voiced their opposition to a draft bill that would allow the government to delay the retirement of senior prosecutors, arguing that the bill undermined the constitutional separation of powers.3 No major incidents of physical violence related to peoples online activity were reported during the coverage period, though incidents of online harassment and intimidation, particularly against women, individuals with at least one Black parent, and medical personnel, did occur (see C7). The Agency for Cultural Affairs has jurisdiction over copyright law and provides guidance and supervision to copyright management organizations, including JASRAC. I don't know a whole lot about japanese censorship stuff, I know Sony itself likes to censor though. Access is well distributed across the population, though access is less common among the elderly.4 In February 2019, civil society groups and ordinary users issued a joint statement asking the MIC to suspend the program,5 Today, however, this concept is, in our view, distorted and fought against. According to the Inclusive Internet Index 2021 report, Japan ranks 12th out of 100 countries surveyed for affordability, defined by cost of access relative to income and the level of competition in the internet market.1 (Feb. 22, 2021) On December 30, 2020, Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin signedFederal Law No. No third party can do so. Abe was . In recent years, content removals have focused on hate speech and illegal content, including child sexual abuse images and intimate images shared without the subjects consent. Individuals who have criticized the ruling LDP and the government have also faced targeted harassment. Do the constitution or other laws fail to protect rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and press freedom, including on the internet, and are they enforced by a judiciary that lacks independence? Specifically, the government will consolidate personal information among local government and central government servers, and will link personal data to individuals unique 12-digit numbers.9, During the drafting process, it became clear that the government's priority was to effectively manage internet users information rather than to protect personal data.10 (Kotaku also says that Japanese porn is painstakingly censored by hand, earning the highly skilled laborers $15 per hour.) Individuals who are half-black and half-Japanese, continue to face racism online. In February 2021, weekly news magazine Shukan Bunshun reported that NTT's president and other executives had repeatedly treated officials from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, including Deputy Director General Yasuhiko Taniwaki, to lavish dinners.6 A coalition of groups, including the Japan Internet Providers Association and the Movement of Internet Active Users, an organization that advocates for users rights, lobbied against the mandate, and mobile users can now select voluntary filters.9, Right to be forgotten cases increased around the same time as a landmark 2014 decision on the topic by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The J-NSC remained active during the coverage period.2. Some private companies occasionally accept the governments requests to remove content. NTT, formerly a state monopoly, was privatized in 1985 and reorganized in 1999 under a law promoting functional separation between the companys mobile, fixed-line telephone, and internet services.5 Many providers bundle digital media subscriptions, including cable television, voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services, and email, pushing costs higher. Asymmetric regulation, which creates stricter rules for providers with a higher market share, has helped diversify the industry.6, Beginning in 2014, the government required mobile service providers to unlock SIM cards at user request; this has made it easier for users to switch providers and use third-party prepaid SIM cards.7 The court stated that removal of information can be demanded only when privacy protection concerns clearly outweigh the publics interest in the disclosure of information online.12 A 2016 law outlined measures that authorities could take to educate the public about hate speech, while also combating such speech when directed against people of overseas origin and their descendants.4 In June 2016, the Supreme Court dismissed a legal challenge to the police practice of monitoring places of worship and other venues used by members of the Muslim community. This law doesn't make any sense and it just have the opposite effect. After NTT Docomo became a wholly owned subsidiary of NTT in December 2020,4 Twitter complied with 29.4 percent of the requests.7. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in online harassment directed at medical personnel and individuals who allegedly contracted COVID-19. Mosaics cover genitalia. Mori resigned a week after the petition was created (see B8). Look at western porn, the most fucked up shit that they make is incest and adults that looks like teens, in the other hand Japanese porn has the most fucked ul shit that you can ever see in porn, from rape to gruesome torture and pedophilia, just to show how the dumbness of governments is unlimited. Despite promises that the program will not target phones and personal computers, critics have expressed privacy concerns (see C5). Police can request these details, along with usage logs, if they detect illegal online activity. The article does not define what constitutes obscenity, leading to concerns that it could be invoked against artistic expression or used to curtail the rights of LGBT+ people.12. The original case was brought after a 2010 leak of police documents revealed that Muslims were subject to widespread monitoring for possible terrorist activity. There are some reasons why it has been not modified since . he age of consent in Japan is 13 years old because it is based on the Napoleonic Code, which was introduced to Japan in the late 19th century. Update: February 8, 2022 A ccess Now and civil society organizations from across the globe are calling on the international community and technology companies to stand with the people of Myanmar and resist the coup both physical and digital. The book concludes by assessing the current state of censorship in Japan and likely future developments. Censorship by the government is unconstitutional. Are there laws that assign criminal penalties or civil liability for online activities, particularly those that are protected under international human rights standards? competitors and others criticized the acquisition, saying it was contrary to the intent of the 1999 NTT Law. However, several cases of online harassment were documented during the coverage period. The Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power. In June 2020, Japan passed amendments to the Act on the Protection of Personal Information. In May 2021, the NICT released a summary of NOTICE-related activities, disclosing that it attempted to access 112 million IP addresses, and that the NOTICE alert detected 1,817 targets and notified service providers.6, The conspiracy law passed in 2017 raised the possibility of more government surveillance. In addition, individuals who knowingly receive secrets from an administrative organ risk up to five years imprisonment if the disclosures are found to be intentional, and one year for disclosures made through negligence.1 The 2001 Provider Liability Limitation Act directed ISPs to establish a self-regulatory framework to govern takedown requests involving illegal or objectionable content, defamation, privacy violations, and copyright infringement.9 The MIC requested that four industry associations monitor false or unsubstantiated content circulating about the disaster online. Amid rising concerns over misinformation online - including surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, especially vaccines - Americans are now a bit more open to the idea of the U.S. government taking steps to restrict false information online.And a majority of the public continues to favor technology companies taking such action, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. Scientifically speaking, it depends on how the original censorship mosaic . The 2013 My Number law introduced a unique 12-digit number for all long-term residents used to access unified social welfare services and taxation purposes. The assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has shocked Japan, a country with one of the world's lowest rates of gun crime due to its strict laws on gun ownership. Since the laws introduction, many cities have subsequently moved to legislate against hate speech (see C2). In 2016, the IHC began providing reports to Safe-line, a website maintained by the SIA.17 The Act on the Protection of Specially Designated Secrets came into force in 2014, despite objections from the opposition, civil society, and protesters. Law enforcement requests for this data should be supported by a warrant.4 During the same period, Twitter received 16,648 requests for content removal.6 For this article, we consider these bodies to be government entities. While the government is relatively transparent in its censorship decisions, previous blocking and efforts to give authorities more censorship power have raised concerns. Just as in ancient Grecian communities, the Roman ideal of good governance included shaping the character of the people. Many people lost service for days or weeks, and mobile phone usage dropped by almost half in the affected areas.10. Iwakami was sentenced to pay 330,000 ($2,992) in September 2019 after he retweeted a post from 2017 that suggested Hashimoto was responsible for the suicide of one of his subordinates.3, Several users have been arrested and charged under a 2011 law criminalizing the creation and use of computer viruses without a legitimate reason (see C2). On February 2, 2021, the Indonesian Government enacted the implementing regulation of the Omnibus Law (Law No.11 of 2020 on Job Creation) regarding the environmental sector, Government Regulation No. The man originally argued that he was defamed by false information.15, The Internet Hotline Center (IHC), operated through the SIA as part of a contract with the National Police Agency (NPA), cooperates with ISPs to solicit reports of illegal or harmful content from the public.16 Changes to broadcasting laws in 1950 prohibited the government from direct interference with programmingthough its board of governors is still appointed by the prime minister and its budget approved by the Dietand permitted the establishment of private commercial broadcasting stations. Do national regulatory bodies that oversee service providers and digital technology fail to operate in a free, fair, and independent manner? According to a survey conducted by international security firm CrowdStrike, a little more than half of the 200 largest Japanese companies, including Honda, Canon, Citizen Watch and Asunaro Aoki Construction, have been hit by ransomware cyberattacks, and 33 companies have paid an average of 123 million ($1.12 million) to criminal networks to prevent their password-protected data from leaks. In 2016, Makoto Sakurai, a personality known for anti-Korean rhetoric, opened a channel on online television station AbemaTV; a rush of online criticism followed, and the channel was deleted.4, Social media platforms occasionally restrict content at the governments request. Does the government place restrictions on anonymous communication or encryption? Musician Takemura Kiriko authored a Twitter post in favor of the campaign that month, but deleted it after some social media users left negative comments. In December 2019, Kawasaki City created the first nondiscrimination ordinance that includes criminal penalties for hate speech in public spaces. It is a troubling sign of the times in Japan when the government fails to unequivocally condemn threats of violence that target freedom of expression while politicians grandstand on censoring art. In January 2021, the revised Copyright Act, which criminalizes the downloading of unlicensed manga, magazines, and academic publications, took effect. Digital activism in Japan has been highly effective at both the local and the national level, and online mobilization tools are freely available. Historically, Japans internet connections were forged through cooperation among government agencies (including then government-owned NTT), universities, and national research institutions.2. However, the ordinance did stipulate that the city would take measures to prevent the spread of hate on the internet.17 In February 2020, data communication was unavailable for a few hours for mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) Mineo customers.9 In June 2020, the founder of news site Independent Web Journal, Yasumi Iwakami, had his appeal dismissed regarding a fine he was required to pay for allegedly defaming former Osaka prefectural governor, Toru Hashimoto. This year, China's National Film Board tightened regulations on foreign films requiring that they now undergo a second round of reviews by the Chinese Communist Party. Japan is a multiparty parliamentary democracy. The amendments expanded the scope of personal data and eliminated restrictions on the laws extraterritorial applications. Some companies cooperate with investigative authorities by turning over their users' data without receiving a court order. While cyberattacks against journalists and activists are rare, private companies have been targeted in previous coverage periods. There is also a degree of self-censorship concerning human rights problems, in some cases linked to instances of apparent political pressure.2, Progovernment online commentators are prevalent across Japan. No major foreign operators have successfully penetrated the telecommunications market independently. YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and international blog-hosting services are freely available, as are popular local platforms like Niconico, the video-sharing site, and LINE, a chat application that was launched in Japan in 2011. What kind of destruction? 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