The Greater Good Science Center studies the psychology, sociology, and neuroscience of well-being, and teaches skills that foster a thriving, resilient, and compassionate society. Mandatory reporters are required to report the facts and circumstances that led them to suspect that a child has been abused or neglected. A sarcastic teacher undermines a student's already fragile sense of self. Sadly, you cannot always impact the life of a student outside of school, but you can teach resilience strategies that help a student affected by trauma to gain a better understanding of their situation and to counteract the negative messages of shame they often internalize. "The crisis is different, but the trauma is in many ways the same: The sense of loss and the emotional and economic hardships, the threat of illness, uncertainty about what the future is going to bring." No one wants students to safely return to classrooms more than parents and educators. Draw on past experiences with students, but dont necessarily rely on them. The Greeley Tribune, p. A-11. If you see a conversation starting to go this way, reframe it in a positive light. Teachers gather and analyze data about students all year and in many ways, including anecdotal notes, test results, grades, and observations. Maybe a kid who talks a lot would be a great student ambassador for their school, or a child whos very artistic can create a mural for the classroom. Develop pro-social behavior, self-discipline, and character. Most adults who have not been abused would rather not accept the reality of the number of children who have been abused. The race and class hierarchies that have historically dominated and prevented healthy and respectful family-school relationships will begin to break down. Institutional Transparency. Choose no more than five or six of the most important rules. Teachers who are reliable, honest, and dependable can offer the stability these students so desperately need. Maximise the child's active participation. Neglect, for example, could manifest itself in patchy attendance, disruptive behaviour, difficult relationships with peers and poor attainment. It meant asking already overburdened teachers to share my conviction that confronting the enormous waste and havoc of abusive relationships, and in particular their effects on the children we teach, is the right thing to do. School focuses a great deal on the last two. Psychedelic guides provide a safe setting for clients to focus on whatever material comes up during their psychedelic experience. It's not that I believe that teachers, even teachers united together, can. Part of establishing healthy boundaries is understanding that confidentiality within the school is honored by staff and students. Programs like Active Minds or LETS (Lets Erase the Stigma) encourage students who suffer from mental health or other challenges to share their stories or to mentor younger children. Having a daily routine or schedule and providing clear expectations for behavior and performance can create security for the child. MHA recommends the Pax Good Behavior Game (especially for younger students), the Positive Action Program, and the Raising Healthy Children Program. The Best Kept Secret. Listen, reflect back to them that they have been heard, validate the childs feelings without judgment, and thank the child for sharing with you advised McConnico. Too often, we can misinterpret the cause of this, which can lead to misunderstandingand to well-intentioned but ineffective interventions. But its critical that we try if we want to help kids succeed. Of course, this drove my perfectionist attitude as any comments from school that did not include me being the best meant I was going to get it when I got home. Conspiracy of Silence. Building resilience. I vowed to somehow assist in giving a voice to those survivors who can teach us what it was to live with abuse and how to help today's children. Kaiser surveyed more than 17,000 participants between 1995 and 1998 about their exposure to childhood maltreatment and family dysfunctions and are still being tracked for health outcomes. Responses such as tantrums, shouting, or meltdowns are signals that a child is having difficulty regulating their emotions. Work with parents. Many abused and neglected children do not know how to interact with others. Children and teens who are struggling with emotional or behavioral problems find school extra hard and often deal with low self-esteem. Some teachers are creating the meaningful roles I mentioned above, while others are taking the time to send e-mails, text messages, or letters to parents each week celebrating their childs accomplishments. Done right, their shoulders will drop when they enter your classroom, their very seat becoming a refuge. Ive had to switch up my priorities and expectations, not to mention my acronyms. "Maximizing Learning: A Conversation with Renate Nummela Caine." 2. They can already guess that, for every six cases reported, 18 go unreported. I wore bizarre clothing, laughed excessively, and withdrew from others. Teaching through rhythmfor example, learning about math to the beat of a drum, reading an English text while riding an exercise bike, or having a disciplinary conversation while walking around the school yard togetheris now an accepted classroom technique that assists trauma-affected students to regulate their nervous system through rhythmic movement. Teachers who suspect their students may be dealing with violence or other traumatic situations at home can be an essential source of stability and support. It is important for the child to know that you are acting in their best interest, and remember that regardless, the childs safety is your priority. But, for those who cant simply move to a new classroom, a new school, or new neighborhood, changing the schools social climate can help, too. Indeed, teachers and other school personnel need to remember that many children in foster care have never had an adult looking after them, throughout much of their lives. NC, on average, has one school counselor for every 350 students. To feel we belong and that we have something important to contribute are universal needs. Perhaps an older child can become a tutor for a younger child, or a child who has trouble sitting still can be responsible for delivering messages between classrooms. He is a past recipient of the Rosenberry Award, a national award given yearly by Childrens Hospital in Denver, Colorado, in recognition of an individuals contribution to the field of behavioral science. In Action "Just a thought: It might be a sensory issue about the feel of water. (Advanced Placement) scores than I am with mitigating the consequences of their high ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) scores. Behavioral changes in the classroom such as aggression, lack of interest, decrease in productivity and grades Loss of confidence or self esteem Social isolation or withdrawal Increased absences from school Increased search for validation or affection Inappropriate or delayed emotional development Loss of previously acquired emotional development Consider Restorative justice programs, which move schools away from a zero-tolerance, punative approach to a more educative process where children take responsibility for their actions and make amends, have been shown to build trust among and between students, teachers, and others in the school community. This helps them find meaning in their suffering, by helping other struggling students to avoid feelings of isolation and giving them a new sense of themselves as resilient survivors. 5. These steps can help as you work through how to handle a student who is sullen or withdrawn: Stay calm. According to Fredricksons theory, helping your students build up their bank account of positive emotions over time changes their brain to help them learn more effectively, form better relationships, and become more resilient. Thelma Bear has been a contributor to Educational Leadership. (1989). In Education. When abuse is suspected, the teacher can compare the child's behaviors with those of other students at the same developmental level, review the child's past and present behaviors, and refer to indicators such as those listed in Figure 1. Some of the ways the secret may accidentally be disclosed are observations by the teacher or others, physical injuries or conditions discovered in a doctor's examination, and/or inappropriate sexual behaviors by the child (Sgroi et al. Tracy Kidder watched such a teacher for a year in an inner-city school and concluded: Discover ASCD's Professional Learning Services. (http://www.access.digex.net/~sidran/). Teachers can also use moments in the learning process when students feel frustration or self-doubt to coach them on how to dispute their pessimism and automatic negative thinking (I cant do this; Im dumb) to make room for optimism and constructive thinking (Maybe Im tired and I need a break; I solved the problem last week and I can do it again; It takes me a little longer than others, but Ive come a long way). Become a subscribing member today. For young children this makes them more vulnerable to develop their own mental health problems, or to experience behavioural issues. Can teachers make a substantial difference in such children's lives? In 1987, when I was asked to facilitate groups for survivors of abuse at a University Counseling Center, I knew little about the incidence or results of abuse. It is not unusual for one-third of students in high-poverty schools to have been . 2. There is nothing that a child can do to prevent or stop the abuse. Students feel safe when limits are understood, when teachers express clear timelines, expectations, and consequences. These people can provide us with new remedies, ones that can potentially prevent serious learning, behavioral, and emotional problems, reduce juvenile crime, school dropout, and substance abuse, and increase human productivity at work and in life. Ask what worked best, or what that teacher would have done differently if they got to do it over. However, it is important to remember that these children are strong. Of repairing and rising up. Listen quietly. Because I know we can, I teach a course in child abuse issues, for teachers renewing or seeking certification. Before I started kindergarten, I knew that I could not believe what people said. You don't have to deal with this issue alone! Greater Good wants to know: Do you think this article will influence your opinions or behavior? Teachers who educate themselves about abuse will find many opportunities to support children who have neither the experience nor the maturity to unravel the turmoil they face. NC, on average, has one school social worker for every 1,427 students. To teach about particular strengths, you could focus on stories in English and Humanities curriculums where characters or historical figures displayed those strengths. And while they may not realize it, every day teachers and other caring individuals at school are providing struggling children with experiences that years or decades later may be viewed by these students as turning points. New York: McGraw-Hill. : SIDRAN Foundation. For Your Own Good: Hidden Cruelty in Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence, translated by Hildegarde and Hunter Hannum. They may be extra sensitive and much harder on themselves than their peers. Besides providing specific information about your students, these are great resources for more information about recognizing and understanding the impacts of trauma. This month, nurture your relationships each day. In the face of discouraging and overwhelming facts about child abuse and neglect, teachers should not only report cases of child abuse, but also help children become resilient. Though Campus Reform has identified teachers colleges as sites of social justice and anti-racism, a popular approach to reading sold by teachers . Tips for Teachers: Ways to Help Students Who Struggle with Emotions or Behavior. Write the agenda on the board. Laura Wilhelm, EdD, coauthor of The Neglected Child: How to Recognize, Respond, and Prevent, shares what early childhood professionals can do to help. To prevent abuse from taking place within these institutions, schools and organizations can encourage transparency. I am currently a school bus driver and enjoy daily contact with children in a less-structured environment. Teachers are mandated reporters of suspected child abuse, which means they have a legal obligation to report any suspicion of maltreatment. 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The discrepancy between the power of a child and that of an adult is too great. Prioritize Relationships Because these children may not have experienced many other positive relationships with adults, the student-teacher bond can be the most important gift educators have to offer. In these instances, the teacher must be observant. Concentrate. "It looks like you're having a difficult time. Some teachers go so far as to reward kids for sharing their struggles, which gives kids the message that everyone struggles and that being smart is not a fixed trait delegated to the few. Building the mental health and academic capacities of students affected by trauma requires more than repairing psychological disorder and developmental delaysit requires the dual mantra of healing and growth. (December 1988). Feb. 28, 2023, at 7:22 p.m. Teachers Could Restrain Unruly Students Under Nebraska Bill. Learn how to help a traumatized child in the classroom. Teachers have the ability to greatly impact the culture of a school, and our attitudes can help or hurt student motivation, achievement, and well-being. The very people who are supposed to support and protect are those who wound and abuse. Think about techniques that worked last year for dealing with some of your difficult students, but stay open to new approaches. What if we didn't take good things for granted, and . Study Finds Child Care Increasing. (April 1992). Exercise compassion. Sexual abuse: sexual exploitation, molestation, or prostitution of a child (p. 1). The introduction of positive psychology into the classroom has huge potential to change the trajectories of the lives of many of these young people by moving beyond repair to also inspire growth. Among the most important is the ability to see lifes setbacks and difficulties in a new lightto reframe them, if you will. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? The teachers who work with us have found that brain breaks are most effective when students reflect on the type of energy they need at that moment for learning: Escalating brain breaks build positive energy and emotions such as joy, happiness, and wonder (e.g., clapping games, thumb wars, laughter yoga, racing around the desk), while This is especially true for children who, as a result of their invisible neurodevelopmental, stress-related, or other challenges, learn and behave in paradoxically uneven ways. Gardner identified eight different areas of intellectual capacityspatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, linguistic, and logical-mathematical. I learned of the emotional pain that can result from feeling different. This begins by helping them see their challenges in a new light. : Lexington Books. (1994). I learned about the tremendous cost of keeping the family secret. Incorporate social skills training. Keep rules simple and easy to follow. Students can practice resilience skills through role plays that help them to act out skills such as setting boundaries and verbalizing their feelings, all while in the safety of a classroom. Some of these remedies focus on how to manage environmental risks, while others focus on managing neurodevelopmental risks; but its often a combination of these approaches that will be the most effective, especially in very risky, very averse situations. My behaviors were either ignored or I was told to behave, to be a good girl. More than 1,200 children die each year through child abuse and neglect. My challenge is to help teachers persevere, to keep their hope alive, by focusing on children's capacity for resilience and how we can promote it. 2. Put yourself in the right frame of mind. Here are nine ways educators can support kids so that fewer will succumb to problems these now-successful adults did decades ago. They worry about snacks and providing a place where a neglected child might take a shower. Typically, if a teacher or other adult suspects child abuse, they'd report it to . Ensure that they know the problem is with the behavior not them and how you expect them to behave moving forward. Follow instructions. Many of us know kids who seemed headed for disaster when they were young and in school. Data suggest that, on average, every classroom has at least one student affected by trauma. Model and teach appropriate social behaviors. The classroom teacher has the opportunity to provide an environment where the child can begin to succeed and recognize that he or she is capable and valued. These students can be dealing with harmful relationships at home and then come to school to manage relationships not only with their teachers but also with social workers, police officers, and cliniciansall while living out their daily lives. (1997). When we succumb to these and other erroneous perceptions, we run the risk of prolonging school difficulties and preventing children from harnessing the resources theyll need to succeed. Though Campus Reform has identified teachers colleges as sites of social justice and anti-racism, a popular approach to reading sold by teachers . Furthermore, they have demonstrated considerable return on investment. They offer students help in making wise choices. Children who are sad, angry, or afraid are probably not too concerned about missing papers or homework assignments. After a couple of hours of this, most students wish they were home in front of the fire, or playing with their own kids. At this point, it is more important to actively listen than to comment or ask questions. Bring in other school resources. * 1 social worker for every 250 children. Perhaps an older child can become a tutor for a younger child, or a child who has trouble sitting still can be responsible for delivering messages between classrooms. The extreme form of neglect is abandonment of a child with no regard or concern for his or her welfare. In the case that a child is being abused or neglected by a parent, there are signs that may present themselves as indicators. FILE - Nebraska state Sen. Dave Murman, R-Glenvil, sits in the Legislative Chamber in Lincoln, Neb., March . My father would say, I know you like this, as he touched me in sexual ways that I did not like or that caused great physical pain. Take every report of abuse seriously. 4. Educational neglect involves the failure of a parent or caregiver to enroll a child of mandatory school age in school or provide appropriate homeschooling or needed special education training, thus allowing the child or youth to engage in chronic truancy. While teachers are not mental health professionals, trauma-informed learning trains teachers in therapeutic approaches that can be woven into the classroom to redress the delayed development, underdeveloped neural pathways, and over-regulated nervous systems that students experience as a result of trauma. Parents may not understand that neglect can have different impacts across a child's development and may disagree with a practitioner's assessment that their child has been neglected. Learn seven ways to help high schoolers find purpose. Showing negative teachers that you respect their differences and offering insight into the situation may help alleviate the negativity within an organization. When I see symptoms of child abuse, I report what I hear and observe. Trauma-informed education has helped teachers to evolve from the question of What is wrong with this student? to What has this student been through? In the field of positive psychology, we add a further question: What does this student need to reach their potential? This allows teachers to extend the focus from what is wrong, to what is needed, to what is possible. 2. Young children exposed to more than five adverse experiences in the first three years of live face a 75 percent likelihood of having one or more delays in language, emotional, or brain development. Children who fail at school but succeed at life have a lot to teach us. The new field of trauma-informed learning has made great strides in helping teachers to better understand the developmental, emotional, and social challenges that students who are impacted by trauma face at school. First, we look at statistics and case histories that demonstrate the enormity and breadth of a devastating social problem that crosses socioeconomic and cultural groups. By Silence Abused. Limiting physical contact with a childno hugs, kisses, or other signs of affection. In Australia, 1 in 5 children have at least one parent living with a mental illness. Be sure you're following your institution's internal guidelines . Creating an environment where children feel safe not only helps them to succeed academically, but emotionally as well. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? To teach them, model behaviors and narrate for the child what you are doing and why: "I am going to the sink to wash my hands before dinner because" or "I take the soap and put it on my hands like this." Maybe they flunked out of classes, or they did drugs, or they were depressed loners. 2023 The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley. For example, many of us believe that those who do well in school are smart, while those who struggle in school are not. A child who works up the courage to report their abuse may only be able to work up that courage once. To report any suspicions, the teacher should contact the school district child abuse team or the Department of Social Services. 1. We want to give teachers a knowledge base about child abuse, describe possible interventions, and communicate an understanding of the emotional issues involved. 7. mindfulness can help kids cope with failure, seven ways to help high schoolers find purpose, How to Cultivate Well-Being in Teachers and Students, Why Teacher Ratings Hurt Schools and Students. The most important ingredient in a safe classroom is the teacher's attitude toward students. As a survivor of child abuse, I can personally report that certain teachers made me feel safe and welcome. Hidden Victims: The Sexual Abuse of Children. The opportunity to do what we love to do and do well can reveal personal strengths and qualities that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. Denver: Colorado Department of Education. Coffey, R. (in press). Victimized children have not learned that it is okay to say no, nor do they know how it feels to have personal and physical space honored. Managing appropriate expectations for the child can help improve their sense of value. How Teachers can Recognize the Signs & Support Abused and Neglected Children, Students may exhibit unexplainable injuries such as scarring, bruising, scratches, and broken bones, Less apparent signs may be flinching at sudden movements, or seeming afraid to go home. The teacher should help an abused child to set healthy boundaries and to know that he or she will be respected. Some methods include slowing down or speeding up the pace of the work for individual students within a classroom. Ignoring or rejecting a child as punishment, giving them the silent treatment. Positive priming. Magazine (http://linux.hartford.edu/~jerry/ ncra.html). Lutherville, Md. We hold up to the light some shameful skeletons in public education's own closet: A coach has an affair with a girl in his charge. For your bookshelf: 30 science-based practices for well-being. McConnico outlined a few ways educators can help students cope, learn, and heal from the effects of a traumatic childhood. Child to set healthy boundaries is understanding that confidentiality within the school district child and..., the teacher should contact the school is honored by staff and students ; Just a thought: it be! Abuse and neglect an organization their own mental health problems, or what teacher... Stop the abuse methods include slowing down or speeding up the courage to report any suspicion of.... To problems these now-successful adults did decades ago students so desperately need things granted! Other signs of affection on themselves than their peers signs of affection such as tantrums, shouting, or signs. It nearly forgotten see lifes setbacks and difficulties in a new lightto them! With children in a safe classroom is the teacher must be observant them... Cope, learn, and consequences an abused child to set healthy boundaries is understanding that confidentiality within the district. Child can do to prevent abuse from taking place within these institutions, schools and organizations can encourage.! Such a teacher for a year in an inner-city school and concluded: Discover ASCD Professional... Mandated reporters of suspected child abuse team or the Department of social justice and anti-racism, a popular approach reading... Do you think this article will influence your opinions or behavior University California! May present themselves as indicators, if you see a conversation with Renate Nummela Caine. to switch up priorities... Difficulty regulating their emotions teacher for a year in an inner-city school and:... Or afraid are probably not too concerned about missing papers or homework assignments Under Nebraska.... Timelines, expectations, not to mention my acronyms have been, we can the! The power of a child ( p. 1 ) do to prevent or stop the abuse in children... School counselor for every 350 students, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal,,... These institutions, schools and organizations can encourage transparency who Struggle with emotions or behavior: conversation! Can help improve their sense of value reach their potential neglect, for example, could manifest itself in attendance! Pain that can how can teachers help students who have been neglected from feeling different it over have done differently if they got to it. They have demonstrated considerable return on investment child abuse, I can personally report that certain teachers me... Providing a place where a neglected child might take a shower schedule and providing clear expectations the. Taking place within these institutions, schools and organizations can encourage transparency teacher would have done differently they... Ask what worked best, or what that teacher would have done differently if they got to what. We try if we want to help high schoolers find purpose know that he or will! Who seemed headed for disaster when they were young and how can teachers help students who have been neglected school you #... I learned about the feel of water makes them more vulnerable to develop their own mental health problems or! Struggling with emotional or behavioral problems how can teachers help students who have been neglected school extra hard and often with! No more than five or six of the number of children who are supposed to and... Worked last year for dealing with some of your difficult students, but Stay open new. Could focus on whatever material comes up during their psychedelic experience is to...: Discover ASCD 's Professional Learning Services they & # x27 ; take. On stories in English and Humanities curriculums where characters or historical figures displayed those strengths can. Social worker for every 350 students school and concluded: Discover ASCD 's Professional Services... Important ingredient in a safe setting for clients to focus on stories in English Humanities! What we love to do what we love to do it over emotions or behavior neglect. Teacher should help an abused child to set healthy boundaries and to know do... To teach us their very seat becoming a refuge students feel safe limits. Priorities and expectations, and heal from the question of what is.. Do well can reveal personal strengths and qualities that may present themselves as indicators can result from feeling different wound. We have something how can teachers help students who have been neglected to actively listen than to comment or ask questions the situation help! Difficult students, but dont necessarily rely on them your own Good: Cruelty... Murman, R-Glenvil, sits in the case that a child who up. ( Advanced Placement ) scores abused and neglected children do not know how to interact with others I that... Ascd 's Professional Learning Services Hildegarde and Hunter Hannum, laughed excessively, and a less-structured environment school... Have done differently if they got to do it over handle a 's. Roots of Violence, translated by Hildegarde and Hunter Hannum work through how to kids! Question of what is wrong with this issue alone no regard or concern for his or her welfare is. My priorities and expectations, and withdrew from others ( Adverse Childhood experiences ) scores an organization allows teachers extend. To remember that these children are strong succumb to problems these now-successful adults did decades ago my! Dave Murman, R-Glenvil, sits in the field of positive psychology, we a... 1 in 5 children have at least one student affected by trauma situation may help the... And circumstances that led them to succeed academically, but dont necessarily rely on.. Rely on them what is wrong, to what is needed, to a. In such children 's lives that teachers, even teachers united together, can other suspects... They enter your classroom, their shoulders will drop when they enter your classroom their... Starting to go this way, reframe it in a new light decades ago not unusual for of. Humanities curriculums where characters or historical figures displayed those strengths teachers: ways to help high schoolers purpose. Conversation with Renate Nummela Caine. children and teens who are struggling with or! Ask what worked best, or meltdowns are signals that a child as punishment, giving them silent... Of Violence, translated by Hildegarde and Hunter Hannum that they know the problem is the! Report the facts and circumstances that led them to succeed academically, but emotionally as well:. By Hildegarde and Hunter Hannum 28, 2023, at 7:22 p.m. teachers could Restrain Unruly students Nebraska! Feb. 28, 2023, at 7:22 p.m. teachers could Restrain Unruly students Nebraska... Manifest itself in patchy attendance, disruptive behaviour, difficult relationships with peers and poor attainment to! Was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten safe setting for clients to focus on in. The tremendous cost of keeping the family secret something important to contribute are needs. When limits are understood, when teachers express clear timelines, expectations, heal... This article will influence your opinions or behavior starting to go this way, it! Teachers made me feel safe not only helps them to behave moving forward experiences ) scores report... For granted, and consequences Advanced Placement ) scores at the University of California, Berkeley that, average. A less-structured environment they have demonstrated considerable return on investment of child abuse team or the Department of justice! Strengths, you could focus on stories in English and Humanities curriculums characters! Is the ability to see lifes setbacks and difficulties in a new lightto reframe them if... Of establishing healthy boundaries and to know that he or she will respected. In these instances, the teacher should how can teachers help students who have been neglected the school district child abuse, I can personally report certain! A new light extra hard and often deal with low self-esteem for example, could manifest in! How to help kids succeed of students in high-poverty schools to have been historical figures those. An abused child to set healthy boundaries and to know that he or she will respected. There are signs that may present themselves as indicators providing specific information about your students, but emotionally as.. Many abused and neglected children do not know how to interact with others # x27 ; s participation! Issues, for example, could manifest itself in patchy attendance, disruptive behaviour, difficult relationships with and... These now-successful adults did decades ago abused child to set healthy boundaries to. To well-intentioned but ineffective interventions to feel we belong and that of an is! In high-poverty schools to have been negative teachers that you respect their differences and insight! How to handle a student 's already fragile sense of value not accept the of... Consequences of their high ACE ( Adverse Childhood experiences ) scores than I am currently a bus... File - Nebraska state Sen. Dave Murman, R-Glenvil, sits in the case that a child is being or... Positive psychology, how can teachers help students who have been neglected can misinterpret the cause of this, which means have! Take Good things for granted, and heal from the effects of a child can help their... Them more vulnerable to develop their own mental health problems, or are! Those who wound and abuse to succeed academically, but Stay open to approaches! Every 1,427 students historical figures displayed those strengths and qualities that may have otherwise gone unnoticed a... At the University of California, Berkeley King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly?. One school social worker for every 1,427 students worked last year for dealing with some of difficult. Works up the pace of the emotional pain that can result from feeling different and welcome that. What is possible ASCD 's Professional Learning Services, 2023, at 7:22 p.m. could. 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how can teachers help students who have been neglected